Ford Taurus Recalls

NHTSA has issued 19 safety recalls for the Ford Taurus, covering model years 2008 through 2019. Fuel system faults account for 5 of them, more than any other part of the vehicle. The 2013 model year has the most, with 9 separate campaigns against it. The largest single recall covered 1,448,655 vehicles. The most recent was reported to NHTSA on October 13, 2025.

Total recalls: 19
Model years affected: 11
Most recalled part: Fuel system
Latest recall: 2025

Ford Taurus recalls by model year

How many campaigns were issued against each model year. One recall often covers several years at once, so these add up to more than the 19 total.

20192 recalls20184 recalls20174 recalls20164 recalls20156 recalls20145 recalls20139 recalls20125 recalls20114 recalls20103 recalls20081 recall

All Ford Taurus recalls

Each entry is an official NHTSA campaign, shown with the defect, consequence, and remedy exactly as the manufacturer reported them, newest first.

25V695000Backup cameraReported October 13, 2025

BACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERA

Model years affected: 2015–2016, 2018–2019

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2015-2019 Flex, 2015 Explorer, Lincoln MKT, Lincoln MKZ, 2015-2016 C-Max, Escape, Taurus, 2016 Fusion, 2018-2019 Taurus, 2019 Lincoln MKT, Fiesta, and 2020 Mustang vehicles. The rearview camera may display a distorted, intermittent, or blank image when the vehicle is in reverse.

What can happen

A rearview camera that fails to properly display an image can reduce the driver’s view behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.

The fix

Dealers will inspect and replace the rearview camera as necessary, free of charge. This will be a phased campaign, with the remedy becoming available in different phases based on model and model years. Interim letters notifying owners of the safety risk were mailed on October 25, 2025. Additional letters will be mailed once the final remedy is available on each phase. Mustang owner notification letters were mailed January 2, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25SA9. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on October 14, 2025.

Vehicles affected: 1,448,655
Maker's recall no.: 25SA9
Owners notified: January 2, 2026

Read campaign 25V695000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

25V611000StructureReported September 12, 2025

STRUCTURE:EXTERIOR TRIM

Model years affected: 2016–2019

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2016-2019 Taurus vehicles. The driver and front passenger B-Pillar door trim may detach while driving.

What can happen

Door trim that detaches while driving can create a road hazard, increasing the risk of a crash.

The fix

Dealers will repair or replace the B-pillar trim as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 20, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S91.

Vehicles affected: 101,944
Maker's recall no.: 25S91
Owners notified: February 20, 2026

Read campaign 25V611000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

20V692000Power trainReported November 10, 2020

POWER TRAIN:AXLE ASSEMBLY:AXLE SHAFT

Model years affected: 2014–2015

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2014-2016 Explorer, 2014-2015 Taurus and 2014 Edge vehicles equipped with 2.0L or 2.3L engines and front wheel drive. The support bracket for the front drive axle halfshaft may fail.

What can happen

The failed bracket could result in a loss of park function which can cause unintended vehicle movement, and loss of motive power while driving which increases the risk of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the link shaft bracket, free of charge. Parts are not currently available. Owners received an interim notification detailing safety risk December 8, 2020. A second letter will be mailed when parts become available in January 2021. The recall began February 2, 2021. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 20S63.

Vehicles affected: 15,587
Maker's recall no.: 20S63
Owners notified: February 2, 2021

Read campaign 20V692000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

20V072000SuspensionReported February 10, 2020

SUSPENSION:REAR

Model years affected: 2013–2018

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2013-2018 Lincoln MKT and Ford Flex and Taurus vehicles with the Police Interceptor or SHO Performance Pack. The rear suspension toe links may fracture due to stress on the rear suspension.

What can happen

A fractured rear toe link will cause a sudden change in vehicle handling and increase the risk of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the rear suspension toe links, free of charge. Remedy parts are not currently available. Owners were notified about the recall on March 3, 2020. A second notice will be mailed when remedy parts become available, which is currently expected to be the end of September 2020. The recall began October 28, 2020. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332 or Lincoln customer service at 1-800-521-4140. Ford's number for this recall is 20S04.

Vehicles affected: 211,207
Maker's recall no.: 20S04
Owners notified: October 28, 2020

Read campaign 20V072000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

18V141000Electrical systemReported March 1, 2018

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:IGNITION

Model years affected: 2017–2018

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2017-2018 Ford Taurus vehicles equipped with mechanical key ignition systems. The keys for these vehicles may be able to be removed from the ignition when transmission is not in the PARK position. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 114, "Theft Protection."

What can happen

If the key is removed from the ignition while the vehicle is not in the PARK position and the parking brake is not applied, the vehicle may roll away, increasing the risk of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the shifter assembly, free of charge. The recall began May 11, 2018. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 18C02.

Vehicles affected: 2,100
Maker's recall no.: 18C02
Owners notified: May 11, 2018
Safety standard: FMVSS 114

Read campaign 18V141000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

17V530000SteeringReported August 28, 2017

STEERING

Model years affected: 2017

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2017 Explorer, Taurus and Police Interceptor Utility and Sedan vehicles. The steering gear heat shield fasteners may corrode, allowing the heat shield to detach.

What can happen

If the heat shield detaches, the steering gear may overheat, increasing the steering effort required by the driver, especially at lower speeds, and increasing the risk of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers to inspect and replace the heat shield fasteners as needed, free of charge. The recall began on September 13, 2017. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 17S23.

Vehicles affected: 253
Maker's recall no.: 17S23
Owners notified: September 13, 2017

Read campaign 17V530000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

16V925000Engine and coolingReported December 22, 2016

ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:ENGINE:GASOLINE:TURBO/SUPERCHARGER

Model years affected: 2016

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2016 Ford Taurus, 2016-2017 Ford Flex, Lincoln MKT, 2017 Ford Explorer and Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility vehicles equipped with 3.5L GTDI engines. Improperly brazed turbocharger oil supply tubes may leak oil on engine components.

What can happen

An oil leak, in the presence of an ignition source, increases the risk of a fire.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect, and if necessary, replace the turbocharger oil supply tubes, free of charge. The recall began on January 31, 2017. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 16S46.

Vehicles affected: 1,163
Maker's recall no.: 16S46
Owners notified: January 31, 2017

Read campaign 16V925000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

16V621000Fuel systemReported August 25, 2016

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP

Model years affected: 2013–2015

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2013-2015 Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, Lincoln MKS and Lincoln MKT vehicles equipped with 3.5L GTDI Ecoboost engines and 2013-2015 Ford Taurus Police Interceptor vehicles. A component within the fuel pump electric module (PEM) may overheat causing a loss of electrical power to the fuel pump.

What can happen

A loss of power to the fuel pump will cause the engine to stall or prevent the vehicle from starting, increasing the risk of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the fuel PEM part number and replace the fuel PEM, as necessary, free of charge. The recall began on December 1, 2016. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 16S31.

Vehicles affected: 77,502
Maker's recall no.: 16S31
Owners notified: December 1, 2016

Read campaign 16V621000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

16V247000AirbagReported April 26, 2016

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL

Model years affected: 2008, 2010–2012

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2009-2012 Ford Flex, 2008 and 2010-2012 Ford Taurus, 2008-2009 Ford Taurus X, 2008 Mercury Sable, 2009 and 2011 Lincoln MKS vehicles. The driver frontal air bag may improperly inflate during second-stage deployment in the event of a high speed crash. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."

What can happen

An improperly inflated air bag increases the risk of injury in the event of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and replace the driver's frontal air bag module, as necessary, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin on June 13, 2016. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 16C06.

Vehicles affected: 695
Maker's recall no.: 16C06
Owners notified: June 9, 2016
Safety standard: FMVSS 208

Read campaign 16V247000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

15V812000Fuel systemReported December 2, 2015

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

Model years affected: 2013

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2013 Explorer, Explorer Police Utility, Taurus, Taurus Police Interceptor, Flex, Lincoln MKS, and Lincoln MKT vehicles. In the affected vehicles, the fuel delivery module may crack, allowing fuel to leak.

What can happen

A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source may result in a fire.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the fuel delivery module, free of charge. The recall began on December 21, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 13S04-S1.

Vehicles affected: 868
Maker's recall no.: 13S04-S1
Owners notified: December 21, 2015

Read campaign 15V812000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

15V605000Fuel systemReported September 28, 2015

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:STORAGE:TANK ASSEMBLY:MOUNTING

Model years affected: 2015

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2015 Ford Taurus, Lincoln MKS, and 2016 Ford Explorer vehicles manufactured on July 24, 2015. During vehicle production, the fuel tank attachment bolts may not have been properly tightened. As a result, the fuel tank straps may fracture and the fuel tank could separate from the vehicle.

What can happen

If the fuel tank separates from the vehicle, a fuel leak may occur, increasing the risk of a fire.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will tighten the fuel tank attachment bolts, as necessary, free of charge. The recall began on October 19, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S26.

Vehicles affected: 203
Maker's recall no.: 15S26
Owners notified: October 19, 2015

Read campaign 15V605000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

15V464000Parking brakeReported July 24, 2015

PARKING BRAKE

Model years affected: 2015

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2015 Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, and Lincoln MKS vehicles manufactured May 4, 2015, to May 23, 2015, Lincoln MKT vehicles manufactured May 4, 2015, to May 21, 2015, and 2015-2016 Ford Explorer vehicles manufactured May 4, 2015, to May 23, 2015. The affected vehicles have a parking brake that may not fully engage when applied. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 135, "Light Vehicle Brake Systems."

What can happen

If the parking brake does not fully engage and the transmission is left in a gear other than 'Park' while on a slope, the vehicle may roll away, increasing the risk of a crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will test the operation of the parking brake system, and if necessary, replace the parking brake control assembly, free of charge. The recall began on September 4, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15C07.

Vehicles affected: 7,165
Maker's recall no.: 15C07
Owners notified: September 4, 2015
Safety standard: FMVSS 135

Read campaign 15V464000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

15V340000SteeringReported June 2, 2015

STEERING:ELECTRIC POWER ASSIST SYSTEM

Model years affected: 2011–2013

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2011-2012 Ford Fusion vehicles without a 3.5L engine and Lincoln MKZ hybrid electric vehicles, 2011 Mercury Milan vehicles, 2011-2012 Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, Lincoln MKS, and Lincoln MKT vehicles equipped with a 3.5L GTDI engine and 2013 Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, Lincoln MKS, and Lincoln MKT vehicles equipped with any available engine. The affected vehicles have electric power steering assist systems that may shut down as a result of a steering motor sensor fault.

What can happen

If the vehicle experiences a loss of power steering assist, extra steering effort will be required at lower speeds, increasing the risk of a vehicle crash.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will check the Power Steering Control Module (PSCM) for Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC). If dealers find any loss of steering assist DTCs, the steering gear will be replaced, free of charge. If, no codes are found during the PSCM inspection, the PSCM software will be updated, free of charge. The recall began on July 21, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S18.

Vehicles affected: 393,623
Maker's recall no.: 15S18
Owners notified: July 21, 2015

Read campaign 15V340000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

15V040000StructureReported January 28, 2015

STRUCTURE:BODY:DOOR

Model years affected: 2010–2013

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2010-2013 Ford Taurus vehicles manufactured December 1, 2009, to July 31, 2010, and 2011-2013 Lincoln MKS vehicles manufactured June 1, 2011, to October 31, 2011. In the affected vehicles, the interior door handle return spring may unseat, resulting in interior door handle that does not return to the fully stowed position after actuation.

What can happen

If the interior door handle return spring is unseated, the door may unlatch in the event of a side impact crash, increasing the risk of personal injury.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect all four of the interior door handles and either repair or replace them, free of charge. The recall began March 23, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S02.

Vehicles affected: 194,889
Maker's recall no.: 15S02
Owners notified: March 23, 2015

Read campaign 15V040000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

14V393000Power trainReported July 2, 2014

POWER TRAIN:AXLE ASSEMBLY:AXLE SHAFT

Model years affected: 2013–2014

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2012-2014 Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX vehicles manufactured September 2, 2010, to November 30, 2013; 2013-2014 Ford Taurus and Lincoln MKS vehicles manufactured August 25, 2011, to November 30, 2013; and 2013-2014 Ford Flex and Lincoln MKT vehicles manufactured September 12, 2011, to November 30, 2013. In the affected vehicles, the halfshaft retention circlip may not have been properly installed, and as a result, the halfshaft may move outward and disengage from the linkshaft while driving and without prior warning.

What can happen

If the halfshaft and linkshaft become disengaged while driving, power will no longer be transmitted to the wheels, increasing the risk of a vehicle crash. Additionally, if the parking brake is not applied before exiting the vehicle, the vehicle may roll away despite the transmission being placed in 'Park', increasing the risk of injury to exiting occupants and bystanders.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the vehicles to make sure that the halfshaft is properly retained. If it is not, dealers will replace the linkshaft and also replace the halfshaft if it shows evidence of spline damage, free of charge. The recall began on August 4, 2014. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-800-392-3673. Ford's number for this recall is 14S10.

Vehicles affected: 83,250
Maker's recall no.: 14S10
Owners notified: August 4, 2014

Read campaign 14V393000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

14V285000Exterior lightingReported May 29, 2014

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

Model years affected: 2010–2014

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2010-2014 Taurus vehicles manufactured November 24, 2008, through February 28, 2014, originally sold in, or currently registered in, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and the District of Columbia. When used in areas that use road salt, the license plate lamp assembly may experience an electro-chemical reaction and corrosion as a result of water intrusion.

What can happen

This corrosion may result in a short circuit, increasing the risk of a fire.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the license plate lamp assemblies, free of charge. The recall began on July 26, 2014. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-800-392-3673. Ford's number for this recall is 14S08. Note: Under program 14R01, Ford will notify owners in non-corrosion states, and, at the customer's request, dealers will replace the license plate lamp assembly.

Vehicles affected: 183,425
Maker's recall no.: 14S08
Owners notified: July 26, 2014

Read campaign 14V285000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

13V270000Latch and lockReported June 26, 2013

LATCHES/LOCKS/LINKAGES

Model years affected: 2013

The problem

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2013 Ford Explorer, Taurus, and Lincoln MKS vehicles manufactured November 29, 2012, through December 12, 2012. In the affected vehicles, with sufficient door openings and closings, the child safety locks may change from an activated position to a deactivated position without notice.

What can happen

If the child lock is deactivated, the door could be unlocked and opened from the inside which could lead to personal injury to an unrestrained child.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will test the safety locks. If necessary, the locks will be replaced free of charge. The recall began on August 2, 2013. Ford's recall number is 13S07. Owners may contact the Ford customer relationship center at 1-866-436-7332.

Vehicles affected: 12,569
Maker's recall no.: 13S07
Owners notified: August 2, 2013

Read campaign 13V270000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

13V227000Fuel systemReported May 31, 2013

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

Model years affected: 2013

The problem

Ford is recalling certain model year 2013 Explorer, Taurus, Flex, Fusion, Police Interceptor Sedan and Police Interceptor Utility vehicles; and certain model year 2013 Lincoln MKS, MKT, and MKZ vehicles. In the affected vehicles, the fuel delivery module may develop a crack, allowing fuel to leak.

What can happen

A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source may result in a fire.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the fuel delivery module, free of charge. The recall began on July 20, 2013. Owners may contact Ford Motor Company Customer Relationship Center at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's recall campaign number is 13S04.

Vehicles affected: 390,783
Maker's recall no.: 13S04
Owners notified: July 20, 2013

Read campaign 13V227000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

13V109000Fuel systemReported March 27, 2013

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:STORAGE:TANK ASSEMBLY

Model years affected: 2012

The problem

Ford is recalling certain model year 2012 Taurus, Lincoln MKS, and model year 2013 Explorer vehicles manufactured July 19, 2011, through March 15, 2012. In the affected vehicles, the fuel tanks may have a marginally sealed seam in the side of the tank. As a result, the fuel tanks may not provide the expected strength in the event of an impact. The tanks may also leak.

What can happen

A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source may result in a fire.

The fix

Ford will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the fuel tanks and replace them as necessary, free of charge. The recall began on May 9, 2013. Ford's recall campaign number is 13S03. Owners may contact Ford Motor Company Customer Relationship Center at 1-866-436-7332.

Vehicles affected: 3,037
Maker's recall no.: 13S03
Owners notified: May 9, 2013

Read campaign 13V109000 on NHTSA.gov ↗

What to do if your Ford Taurus is on this list

A recall listed here applies to a range of vehicles, not to every car of that model year. Manufacturers narrow it down by build date and VIN, so the only way to know whether yours is included is to check the VIN. You can do that free on NHTSA's recall lookup, or by calling any franchised dealer for that brand with your VIN in hand.

Recall repairs are free. Under federal law the manufacturer has to fix a safety defect at no charge, and there is no mileage limit and no expiry on that obligation for vehicles under 15 years old. A dealer cannot charge you for the parts, the labour, or the diagnosis on a recall repair, and you do not need to have bought the car there. If a dealer asks you to pay, that is worth escalating to the manufacturer's customer line, which is listed in the remedy text of each recall above.

Recalls do not block a title transfer or registration in any state. You can legally buy, sell, or register a car with an open recall, and sellers are generally not required to fix one first. That said, an open recall is worth raising before money changes hands, especially one with a do-not-drive advisory. If you are buying, run the VIN before you hand over the payment; if you are selling, telling the buyer about an open recall costs you nothing and avoids a dispute later.

Ford Taurus recall questions

How many recalls does the Ford Taurus have?

NHTSA lists 19 recall campaigns for the Ford Taurus across model years 2008 to 2019. That count covers recalls filed from 2010 onward. Not every campaign applies to every car of that model year, because manufacturers limit recalls by build date and VIN.

Which Ford Taurus model year has the most recalls?

The 2013 Ford Taurus carries the most, with 9 recall campaigns. A high count does not automatically mean a worse car: a single supplier fault can trigger a recall across an entire production run, and manufacturers that report problems quickly tend to show more campaigns.

Are Ford Taurus recall repairs free?

Yes. Federal law requires the manufacturer to repair a safety recall at no cost, including parts and labour, on vehicles under 15 years old. There is no mileage limit, and you do not have to be the original owner or have bought the car from that dealer.

Can I sell or register a Ford Taurus with an open recall?

Yes. An open recall does not stop a title transfer or registration in any state, and private sellers are generally not required to repair one first. Dealers face stricter rules on some safety recalls. If you are buying, check the VIN before you pay; the repair is free, but you want to know what you are taking on.

Other Ford recalls

Ford F-150 recalls115 Ford Explorer recalls96 Ford Escape recalls83 Ford F-350 Super Duty recalls75 Ford F-450 Super Duty recalls66 Ford Transit recalls64

Where this data comes from

Every recall on this page is published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the federal agency that oversees vehicle safety recalls in the United States. We pull the full recall file from NHTSA and reproduce the campaign number, defect description, consequence, and remedy exactly as the manufacturer reported them. NHTSA data is in the public domain.

Source:: NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation
NHTSA data as of:: July 18, 2026
Coverage:: Recalls from 2010 onward

Check your VIN on NHTSA.gov ↗

Buying or selling this car?

🔧All Ford recalls→🔑Paperwork for buying a used car→📝Paperwork for selling a car→📄Title transfer rules by state→📑Vehicle registration documents explained→🚗Recalls by make and model→

Last reviewed: 2026-07-18 · Reviewed by the Car Paperwork editorial team · Independent resource · Not legal advice

⚠ Independent resource — check your VIN before actingCar Paperwork is not affiliated with NHTSA, any manufacturer, or any dealer. This page lists recalls issued for a model, which is not the same as a recall on your car: only a VIN check confirms that. Recall records are also updated by NHTSA continuously, so treat this as a starting point and confirm anything urgent with NHTSA or a franchised dealer. Nothing here is legal or repair advice.